Stress and Positive Thinking Essay Example

Stress and Positive Thinking Essay Example Stress and Positive Thinking Essay Stress and Positive Thinking Essay I grew up in a very strict and traditional family, where the highest of expectations had to be met for ones talents and accomplishments to be noticed. Striving for the best while being courageous and just hoping that one-day I would be able to make my parents proud was one of the most stressful things on my mind. My father always told me that there are only two paths in life that a person can take. He said that one will be a very tough and challenging road with many obstacles but in the end we will find peace and love. The other one will be extremely easy to reach but you will only find pain and poverty. My whole life Ive been struggling to be a good daughter, a better student, and a humble individual. Ive always been independent and have managed many things on my own and one of my main goals was to always be stress free. Stress is a serious problem that every individual encounters in his or her lifetime. It can be anything from simple stress from school or something major as to huge stress due to a death in the family. Stress can be described as a force from the outside world that affects an individual along with the environment. It can be very hard to cope with stress since it can lead to depression or even suicide along with many other health conditions. Another way to define stress is that it is a physical response around you that can be due to a threat or just being upset in some way. (Looker, and Gregson pg. 23) When our body senses danger it goes into a response mode that is known as the fight-or-flight response. When you perceive a threat, your nervous system responds by releasing a flood of stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones rouse the body for emergency action. Stress can be a positive thing or a negative thing. When a certain individual is speeding and seeing a car in front of them they have to slam on the breaks. The slamming on the breaks is due to the stress response and in these situations stress is known as a positive thing. (Looker, and Gregson, pg. 24) Putting these situations aside, we all know that most stress is negative stress. Some things that contribute to negative stress are too many bills, arguments with friends, bad relationships’ with loved ones, or even a very busy schedule. These small things in basic lifestyles can cause a lot of stress and can lead to serious health problems such as heart attacks, obesity, and even depression. -Looker, Terry, and Olga Gregson. Teach Yourself Managing Stress. Teach Yourself, 2007. Print. There are many causes of stress such as a major life change, work, financial problems, negative self-talk, unrealistic expectations, or even perfectionism. (Institute ) Work can be a burden on many people since most individuals don’t love their jobs. Many people just work for the money and don’t even realize what they are getting themselves into. Others have very killing debts that they are having difficulty paying off or even managing. These financial hardships can really dig deep into a person’s soul and make them feel very little inside. All these factors in my eyes all come down to one thing and that is how positive a person is. I believe that one of the best ways to handle stress is to always be positive. Positivity can really change how a person handles their life and can also affect their attitude. On the other hand, many people spend most of their life just being simply negative. Institute, American. Managing stress. New Readers Pr, 1994. Print. Negativity is a common behavior amongst many humans; however it is not a characteristic that takes you very far in life. (Looker, and Gregson pg. 17) Despite the troubles caused by daily tactics, having a positive attitude can help even the most impossible issue to be solved. With that being said, provided research proves that practicing positive health behaviors will i ndeed improve health. Simple ways would be getting a regular check up every six months and to also exercising a few times a week. Basic ideals like these indicate and propose a healthy lifestyle. However, nothing is possible if you do not have a positive attitude. -Looker, Terry, and Olga Gregson. Teach Yourself Managing Stress. Teach Yourself, 2007. Print. According to Roberta Larson Duyff and Jeff Braun, keeping in shape and being fit is the first way of practicing positive health. In the article â€Å" Do we get enough Activity† its mentioned that the human body needs a certain amount of exercise to stay motivated if you were to stay home all day and just snack that doesn’t cut it. Health Authority) However statistics prove that 25 percent of Americans are not active when 38 percent over the ages of 55 aren’t even active at all. (Health Authority) With these factors it shows that there are way to keep your body moving and to be motivated. Duyff also feels that it is necessary to follow these guides because every human needs something to keep them motivated. After all, in this world nothi ng comes easy, everything requires little or more dedication. -Stress Management. Health Authority n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. lt; healthauthority. com/stress. tmgt;. Even though physical health is important it is also important to have a good mental health too. The way you can keep this up is by having a positive mind frame such as thinking positive. (Harrington ) This is a health behavior that has proved to not only increase self esteem but also boost many people’s immune system’s because they are encouraging there own minds to think more upon what they are then what they see. Along with all these factors we can contribute health in all of these issues since positivity equals less stress and depression. How do you think positive? You can start off my embracing yourself and appreciating yourself more. â€Å" You can’t love someone unless you learn to love yourself† is a common phrase used by many, but given a lot of value when mentioned. What this phrase is basically trying to break through is that you need to love yourself and not beat on everything you do. In everyday life there may not be things we like a lot but we can always look for a way to improve instead of criticizing ourselves. The importance of thinking positive is the main leading factor of having positive health behaviors, which can help prevent and improve health. If you’re mentally not ready to accept yourself then nothing else can help you change that view. The importance of thinking positive drills into your head where you start to believe how much you are really worth and you start to appreciate yourself more and that is how it should be to begin with. A human being who has been a positive thinker from the start has more chances of improving and preventing their health in a natural way than any other person who isn’t so happy. (Harrington ) This is not a problem that many adults have, but it is something that teens struggle with. Since many teens aren’t very happy with themselves, they have hard time coping with problems such as, accepting who they are and just having difficulty fitting in with the society. According to adults it’s the opposite, even though they may have good self- esteem and a positive mind frame, it is also necessary as mentioned before to have good eating and exercising habits. -Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2008. Print. Many people get motivation by watching their favorite TV shows or celebrities perform. A lot of people seek motivation by famous people. C. pg 62) Positive behavior is established by watching TV, and videos that promote positive behaviors, such as music videos, yoga shows or even simple things like exercising tutorials. This is very important because if people get motivation from others, they look up to it and that can be proven to be healthy. Such as if something was a bad influence and you loo ked up to it then it wouldn’t be such a good idea. Adults around the ages of 50-70 are also proved to do things that aren’t bad at all. (C. pg 64 ) That also raises the issue that there is not such an age where media defines age. It is open for any age or religion not mattering who you are but how your mind works. In other words if you are open to more diversity in the world not only will you understand others but you will be healthy. -C. , Jonathan. Stress management: a comprehensive handbook of techniques and strategies. Springer Publishing Company, 2002. Print. However other ways of taking up this matter is also the same mentioned before, having a positive mental attitude. (Institute pg. 59) To further go into detail with this it would also include controlling your stress levels. This mainly means to have good time management, because often people stress out when they find themselves having a lot to do and not much time to finish it. This can also come in between and can progress into an unhealthy behavior. If a person can control this, they can prevent themselves into improving health. A good way to manage your stress is simple procedures, such as taking up dance lessons or even simple activities such as yoga. Yoga as always been known for ages to improve the mind and soul in a simple matter that involves your body to engage in an activity that helps you release inner tensions. Simple and basic ways like these also promote you to do better and proclaim prevention. However, basic methods like yoga only work out if you stick to it on a regular basis. You can’t just do it randomly, but it should be done periodically such as making a schedule. It’s like a workout schedule that you would follow on a daily basis and record how much progress you have done. Another good way to relieve stress and tension is something called art and music therapy, which many people aren’t so familiar with. (Institute pg. 61) It’s a way too ease your mind with music and art. Art in many ways is helpful not only to people who may be suffering from clinical or deep depression. It’s also for people who want to ease their mind. Art in many ways is helpful because while looking at different colors it gives you a pleasant intake and relaxes the parts of your brain that may not be getting much access. In other words, art and music simply gives you satisfaction that words or other sorts of entertainment wont. It’s also a proven fact that natural activities like these have a better affect on people then medication or therapy treatments. -Institute, American. Managing stress. New Readers Pr, 1994. Print. How is positive behavior defined? Positive behavior is also defined by how you act towards one another such as interacting with others you can easily pick up how a person is. (Harrington pg 105 ) Some people’s personalities also trigger on how healthy they are. Even though some people may be shy and it will be hard to pick it up, if you are more interactive you have more chances of being healthier and also have a natural way of prevention. This is why it’s told by researchers communication is healthy talking about and expressing your self is the number one way to keep a healthy mind. Even though everything doesn’t have to do with mental health, many things to because it’s the mind that triggers most of what we feel. Most of our thoughts start from our brains. Due to that reason being we need to be careful of how much stress we get involved with if we don’t have a clear mind then it’s not easy to keep good health. Mental health also plays a role on how our body’s digest or how much sleep you get. (Harrington ) For instance have you noticed when you are stressed you don’t get enough sleep or you may be very sleep deprived in this case this is why you can easily see your sleep ruined. Therefore practicing having a goodnight sleep followed by a good meal and also excising can help you maintain good prevention skills too. -Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2008. Print. Speaking efficiently using positive behaviors to adapt to prevention is a good idea in many ways. One of the most important issues that this deals with is success. In our daily lives, we all strive to reach a goal of success. Having a positive behavior can help prevent you from doing or making bad decisions. Harrington pg 103) This helps since everything revolves around your mind frame and your views. If you don’t have a positive view on what is going on around you, you are likely to not succeed. While people who have the capability, also have a positive mental aspect. As organizations state that statistics show children who are exposed to such behaviors in the future, become very efficient adults. I feel this occurs when children are brought up normally, the caretaker encourages the child to do well. Therefore, that promotes positive thinking, compared to someone who asn’t exposed to such positive remarks can suffer from something such as overwhelming negativity. If negativity takes over then it becomes impossible to succeed, that is why practicing such behavior can help you on a daily basis. It’s not only to be healthy or to resume into a good life, it is also for educational purposes when it comes to ones future. It’s important to focus on ones achievements not their mistakes. Although making mistakes is how you will learn it’s not a good idea to always base it on that one factor. -Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2008. Print. Other ways to improve health and relieve stress, other than having a good mind and body image is to get the required amount of sleep. Many Americans of this generation don’t get enough sleep. They are so caught up in their personal life that they forget that they also have to take care of themselves. It’s proven fact that a person who gets the required amount of sleep does better and is livelier. It doesn’t matter if they are in a classroom or in a work required environment they will be more awake and less stressed out. However, 8-10 hours of sleep is required to have for a healthy sleep pattern and a good functioning mind. (HELPGUIDE. org) It is also said that this can improve your short term but long term health issues also. Many people don’t seem to get this much amount of sleep. The age group that suffers the most from this is college students and young adults. They try to subside their sleep by either caffeine or sugar. This at the moment would seem like a perfect idea but later on in the long term this can lead to many health issues such as low blood sugar or even diabetes. Having a lot of caffeine in your body isn’t good for you. However, too much of anything is not a great idea. Something like natural sleep can commit wonders, yet people go for superficial things that can cause a lot of harm, or even take a life if done too frequently. According to helpguid. org, its recommend that having a good amount of sleep can increase memory and also decrease the rate of getting into any type of accident. (HELPGUIDE. org) It is told that most morning accidents are caused because people are very sleep deprived and that leads to dangers occurring. Not only are you risking your life but also the lives with who you may be on the road with. Nobody deserves to take the consequences that you have performed because of your own childishness. The more lively a person is, the more tasks he/she will be able to take on during the day, which can decrease stress levels since many things will be managed that wouldn’t have been completed on a normal day without sleep. -How to Sleep Better Tips for Getting a Good Night’s Sleep. HELPGUIDE. org n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. lt;http://helpguide. org/life/sleep_tips. htmgt;. As the years progressed, my attitude has also changed and I have become a different person. My parents always told me that if you lose everything today, the only thing people would be able to judge is my character. My character is shown through my positivity and how I manage my daily stress. Since I have learned to handle things in different ways, I have really changed my lifestyle. My family and friends now describe me as an honest, mature, positive, and a healthy person. For me, to be thought of in such high esteem is a great honor, and I couldn’t see myself doing anything to compromise that honor. Maintaining good character is important to me because I believe it is the basis of your personality. Character affects almost everything in your life from relationships to your career. My positivity has led to me to develop a great human being out of myself and I encourage everyone to do that. To conclude, I strongly feel that having a positive attitude can cure the most uncommon health issues and also reduce the stress levels of an individual. I mainly feel this because many researchers show that people with a good and strong mind are the ones that succeed the most. I also feel that if you don’t believe in yourself then nothing can really help you. Inner power is what gets you furthest then any type of medicine there is. Therefore, I feel that having and practicing positive health by these tips will help a person out tremendously because it’s the smallest step that takes you to big stepping-stones. The first start would be by maintaining a good health such as exercising and having good health habits. All in all negativity should never be embraced because being healthy should be your own priority and you should always think well instead of pushing your self down. Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2008. Print. (Harrington ) Institute, American. Managing stress. New Readers Pr, 1994. Print. (Institute ) C. , Jonathan. Stress management: a comprehensive handbook of techniques and strategies. Springer Publishing Company, 2002. Print. (C. ) Looker, Terry, and Olga Gregson. Teach Yourself Managing Stress. Teach Yourself, 2007. Print. (Looker, and Gregson ) Stress Management. Health Authority n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. lt; healthauthority. com/stress. htmgt;. (Health Authority) How to Sleep Better Tips for Getting a Good Night’s Sleep. HELPGUIDE. org n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. lt;http://helpguide. org/life/sleep_tips. htmgt;. (HELPGUIDE. org)

7 Facts About Bacteriophages

7 Facts About Bacteriophages Bacteriophages are bacteria eaters in that they are viruses that infect and destroy bacteria. Sometimes called phages, these microscopic organisms are ubiquitous in nature. In addition to infecting bacteria, bacteriophages also infect other microscopic prokaryotes known as archaea. This infection is specific to a specific species of bacteria or archaea. A phage that infects E. coli for instance, will not infect anthrax bacteria. Since bacteriophages do not infect human cells, they have been used in medical therapies to treat bacterial diseases. Bacteriophages have three main structure types. Since bacteriophages are viruses, they consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein shell or capsid. A bacteriophage may also have a protein tail attached to the capsid with tail fibers extending from the tail. The tail fibers help the phage attach to its host and the tail helps to inject the viral genes into the host. A bacteriophage may exist as: viral genes in a capsid head with no tailviral genes in  a capsid head with a taila filamentous or rod-shaped capsid with circular single-stranded DNA. Bacteriophages pack their genome How do viruses fit their voluminous genetic material into their capsids? RNA bacteriophages, plant viruses, and animal viruses have a self-folding mechanism that enables the viral genome to fit within the capsid container. It appears that only viral RNA genome have this self-folding mechanism. DNA viruses fit their genome into the capsid with the help of special enzymes known as packing enzymes. Bacteriophages have two life cycles Bacteriophages are capable of reproducing by either the lysogenic or lytic life cycles. The lysogenic cycle is also known as the temperate cycle because the host is not killed. The virus injects its genes into the bacterium and the viral genes are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. In the bacteriophage lytic cycle, the virus replicates within the host. The host is killed when the newly replicated viruses break open or lyse the host cell and are released. Bacteriophages transfer genes between bacteria Bacteriophages help to transfer genes between bacteria by means of genetic recombination. This type of gene transfer is known as transduction. Transduction can be accomplished through either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, for example, the phage injects its DNA into a bacterium and enzymes separate the bacterial DNA into pieces. The phage genes direct the bacterium to produce more viral genes and viral components (capsids, tail, etc.). As the new viruses begin to assemble, bacterial DNA may inadvertently become enclosed within a viral capsid. In this case, the phage possesses bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA. When this phage infects another bacterium, it injects the DNA from the previous bacterium into the host cell. The donor bacterial DNA then may become inserted into the genome of the newly infected bacterium by recombination. As a result, the genes from one bacterium are transferred to another. Bacteriophages can make bacteria harmful to humans Bacteriophages play a role in human disease by turning some harmless bacteria into agents of disease. Some bacteria species including E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes (causes flesh-eating disease), Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera), and Shigella (causes dysentery) become harmful when genes that produce toxic substances are transferred to them via bacteriophages. These bacteria are then able to infect humans and cause food poisoning and other deadly diseases. Bacteriophages are being used to target superbugs Scientists have isolated bacteriophages that destroy the superbug Clostridium difficile (C. diff). C. diff typically affects the digestive system causing diarrhea and colitis. Treating this type of infection with bacteriophages provides a way to preserve the good gut bacteria while destroying only the C. diff germs. Bacteriophages are seen as a good alternative to antibiotics. Due to antibiotic overuse, resistant strains of bacteria are becoming more common. Bacteriophages are also being used to destroy other superbugs including drug-resistant E. coli and MRSA. Bacteriophages play a significant role in the world's carbon cycle Bacteriophages are the most abundant virus in the ocean. Phages known as Pelagiphages infect and destroy SAR11 bacteria. These bacteria convert dissolved carbon molecules into carbon dioxide and influence the amount of available atmospheric carbon. Pelagiphages play an important role in the carbon cycle by destroying SAR11 bacteria, which proliferate at a high rate and are very good at adapting to avoid infection. Pelagiphages keep SAR11 bacteria numbers in check, ensuring that there is not an overabundance of global carbon dioxide production. Sources: Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, s. v. bacteriophage, accessed October 07, 2015, britannica.com/science/bacteriophage.Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Viruses Can Turn Harmless E. Coli Dangerous. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 April 2009. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090417195827.htm.University of Leicester. Bacteria-eating viruses magic bullets in the war on superbugs. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 October 2013. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131016212558.htm.Oregon State University. A war without end, with Earths carbon cycle held in the balance. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 February 2013. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130213132323.htm.

Detailed reasearch methodolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Detailed reasearch methodolgy - Essay Example The case between the Society of Composers, Authors, and Music Publishers of Canada and Bell Canada brought to the limelight the issue of free access to online copyrighted information. With it emerged demands from authors to enjoy royalty whenever their songs were accessed. The case also helps to bring out the limit to which individuals can access copyrighted information and how the original authors stand to benefit. The Canadian Copyright Laws are a perfect example on the protection against free viewing of copyrighted information over the internet (Michael, 2005; 45). The research will be conducted on a step by step basis. This will enable collection of all relevant data and compilation of the same from the beginning to the end. The first step of the research will be to identify the sources of information, methods to be used in data collection and how to use the identified methods. From there, the identified methodologies are used as required and visits paid to the relevant sources of information. The research is designed to ensure that no single information pertaining to the research objectives and questions is left out. The paper focuses on methods that can be used to gather information that will answer the listed research questions. The selected methods are essential as the issue of viewing copyrighted information has become widespread. The research methods used include: The research also utilizes various sources of information that have the relevant details required to achieve the stipulated research objectives. These include legal books, representatives of the law enforcement agencies and the body charged with copyrighting information in Canada. The research will also put into consideration the legal practices and beliefs that are directly linked to copyrighting information and determination of who has the right to access that information. All the facts presented in the Canada vs. Bell Canada are also considered important in

Proposal Preparation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposal Preparation Plan - Assignment Example hold the cohesive nature of the work thus ensuring that the broken points are successive, this facilitates the efficient completion of the work without instances of redundancy. Key among the components of a particular work breakdown structure is the scope of the project. This refers to the features of the project including all the activities that make up the project. The structure must detail all the features of the work thus providing a reliable blueprint in the completion of the work. Time is yet another essential component of the structure. As discussed earlier, the structure guides the operations of the project managers. As such, it must detail the timeframe for the project by providing appropriate durations for every aspect of the project. Timely completion of the broken-down features contributes to the timely completion of the entire project owing to the interrelation of the various components (Project Management Institute, 2006). Additionally, a work breakdown structure must show the budget associated with the completion of the task. The budget enhances the completion of the project since it avails adequate resources for the completion of a particul ar aspect of the work. The appropriateness of the budgetary allocations ensures the effective and timely completion of the work since it influences the availability of the related resources. Besides all the features described above, a work breakdown structure must name the individual responsible for the project. This enhances accountability, a fundamental feature that contributes to the success of the project. An aircraft system is a complicated system consisting of various components that must operates efficiently and independently albeit in unison. This ensures the success and efficient operation of the entire system. The graphical representation below portrays a broken down feature of the system showing a typical work breakdown structure in the maintenance of an aircraft system. The system presents a

Overview of Green Wireless Networks

Overview of Green Wireless Networks Abstract: Traditional mobile networks largely focus on availability, variety, stability and large capacity. Due to the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry whose major constituent are the mobile networks, CO2 emissions have been increasing rapidly. This shows the need for energy efficient wireless networks or green wireless networks which will put emphasis on saving the energy and environmental protection. The current wireless networks concentrates mainly on non-energy related factors such as Quality of Service (QoS), throughput and reliability. So these factors have to kept in mind while transitioning to green wireless networks. The techniques that need to be implemented are aimed at improving energy efficiency but not compromising the QoS, throughput and reliability.   In this paper the various metrics which help in evaluating performance of wireless networks are reviewed. Also different approaches to improve energy efficiency in wireless networks an d how to combine them for higher energy efficiency are discussed. Introduction: The latest mobile phones provide multiple services which led to rise of ICT traffic. ICT constitutes for 2% of total Green House Gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions worldwide. Within the ICT sector, mobile sector was responsible for 43% of emissions until 2002 while studies suggest that this number would go up to 51% by 2020 [1]. The predominant energy consuming part in a wireless network is the Radio Access Network (RAN). This comes from the fact the RF power amplifier within the RAN consumes a lot of input power for operation and releases a lot of heat contributing to energy wastage. In addition to this, the inconsistent distribution of real world mobile traffic among the BSs leads to underutilization of supplied energy [1]. These two reasons give us an idea of where the energy is being wasted or not utilized, helping us in formulating new techniques for energy efficient wireless networks. While discussing about various techniques for energy efficiency, we have to keep in mind that the QoS is not compromised at all. Because if an operator uses a technique, they should be able to serve the users by utilizing less energy but not by compromising users service. The various parts of a mobile network that consume power are data centers in backhaul, macro cells, femtocells, mobile stations or end hosts and their services. But the major part that consumes the highest power is the power amplifier section and Base station or RAN section. Hence the various techniques presented in this paper are aimed at energy efficiency in these sections only. Section II of the paper outlines various metrics which can be used to evaluate the energy performance of systems. Section III discusses cell layout adaptation techniques for reducing energy consumption and is divided into 3-subsections that outline various cell shaping algorithms. Section IV explains some challenges and research directions for energy efficient networks like Cognitive Radio (CR), M2M communication etc. Metrics for measuring energy performance: Energy efficiency can be achieved by employing better techniques. But in order to measure the energy consumption or utilization, metrics are needed. Energy efficiency metric can be defined as ratio of output to the input power supplied [1]. The output here may correspond to how much the distance of transmission is, number of bits transmitted or output power etc. The metrics for energy efficiency are broadly categorized into 3 levels: Component level metrics, Access node level metrics and network level metrics. Component level metrics mainly focus on power amplifier section, Access node level metrics focus on RAN or Base station, and network level metrics focus on performance of RAN [1]. These metrics help to quantify energy efficiency of various devices and therefore it becomes easier to compare which technique is better. Firstly, at the component level, where we focus on power amplifier section, there are 2 possible types of metric categories. One is Analog and the other is digital. The two important metrics of analog RF transmission are Power Amplifier efficiency (PA efficiency) and Peak to average power ratio (PAPR). PA efficiency is the ratio of PA output power to the input power supplied to it. Higher value of PA efficiency is desired, but in reality this is the part where most of the input power is wasted. PAPR, as the name suggests is the ratio of Peak power to average power. Lower value of PAPR is desired, as higher values tend to reduce the amplifier efficiency. The significant digital metrics in component level are millions of instructions per second per watt (MIPS/W) and millions of floating point operations per second per watt (MFLOPS/W). Higher value of MIPS/W and MFLOPS/W are desired as they refer to digital output generated for a given power input [1]. Secondly, at access node level there are 2 major metrics. Power efficiency and radio efficiency. Power efficiency refers to transmitted data rate over a given bandwidth and input power supplied. It is measured in bits per second per hertz per watt (b/S/Hz/W). Radio efficiency refers to transmitted data rate and transmitted distance over a given bandwidth and input power supplied. It is measured in bits meters per second per hertz per watt (b-m/S/Hz/W) [1]. Higher values of power and radio efficiency are desired as they measure the data rate and distance of transmission which are always desired to be a higher value for a given power input. Finally, at the network level also there are 2 metrics which measure the number of subscribers served during peak hours and coverage area respectively. The first metric measures the number of subscribers served during peak hour to the supplied input power and is measured in number of subscribers per watt (Subscribers/W) and the second metric measures the coverage area of the radio signal to the supplied input power and is measured in square meters per watt (m2/W) [1]. Higher values for both these metrics are desired as they signify serving more number of subscribers or a larger coverage area for a given power input. Hence when evaluating various techniques for wireless energy efficiency, it is better to know at whether energy efficiency is augmented in component level or access node level or network level. That way it would become easier to compare the efficiency in terms of various levels individual metrics. Reducing Energy consumption through Cell Layout Adaptation: Cell layout adaptation (CLA) techniques focus on energy efficiency at network level. But for these techniques to improve energy efficiency, it is important to improve efficiency in component level and access node level as well, because all these 3 levels are inter-related to each other and one works on the basis of another. Power is first supplied from power amplifier and then to RAN and at last to the network level, that means it is possible to save more energy in component level and access node level and the remaining energy that is used by the network can be efficiently utilized by implementing these cell layout adaptation techniques. CLA techniques are basically divided into 3 major categories. First part consists of cell shaping techniques like Base Stations (BSs) turning off and cell breathing, second part consists of hybrid macro femtocell deployments and the final part consists of relaying techniques [1]. A. Cell Shaping Techniques: As mentioned earlier, base stations turning off and cell breathing techniques encompass cell shaping techniques. The basic idea behind the former is turning off BSs and redistributing the remaining traffic to neighboring base stations. Here we need to make sure that we are turning off BSs which are idle or the ones which have very less traffic that can be taken up by neighboring cells. This way energy consumption is reduced and only the BSs that have traffic will operate and consume energy. Cell breathing scheme goes one step further by not actually turning off BSs, but by reducing the power consumption of a cell. This can be achieved by covering a low distance depending on the traffic. That means BSs experiencing higher traffic operate in full power mode while the BSs with medium traffic operate in medium power mode and cells with very less traffic operate at low power mode, thereby reducing the coverage area depending on subscriber traffic. This is analogous to a cell breathing acc ording to traffic patterns. As these cell shaping techniques are based on network level, number of subscribers served and coverage area metrics should be maintained in order to ensure good QoS and less call drop rate when implementing these techniques. The broader explanation of cell shaping techniques is mentioned above, but to implement those techniques there are 2 major algorithms: switching-off network planning algorithm and cell breathing coordination algorithm [1]. Firstly, switching-off network planning algorithm works on the basis of 3 factors, number of BSs to turn off, number of BSs to operate, and time period for which BSs are turned off. The ratio of number of BSs to turn off and BSs to operate and a specific time period for which turn-off is implemented based on the low traffic pattern is calculated. Once these values are calculated, it is made sure that the blocking probability limit is not exceeded, which means definite QoS is maintained. Cell breathing coordination algorithm works on the basis of a central node called a cell zooming server. The cell zooming server analyzes the incoming traffic and tries to turn of the BSs which do not have any traffic at all. Then it tries to distribute the traffic from less active BSs to busy BSs. It also makes sure to distribute traffic based on input traffic and turns on the sleep mode BSs when required. This centralized approach works good in smaller networks and when it comes to large scale networks, it would be very ineffective. The same applies to switching off network planning algorithm because there is no centralized node to turn on the BSs if needed, as the turn -off time if fixed based on traffic patterns [1]. The cell shaping techniques also bring up a new trade-off, i.e. SE-EE tradeoff (spectral efficiency-energy efficiency) [3]. SE-EE trade-off focuses on network level characteristics like number of subscribers served and coverage area for input power supplied. By implementing these cell shaping techniques although energy efficiency is obtained, there is always chance where coverage area is reduced and some subscribers are ignored. Ideally, higher the energy efficiency lower is the spectral efficiency. But in reality, because of component level energy issues, transmission distances, coding schemes the relationship between SE and EE is not inversely proportional, but it is of the form of a bell curve. So it is better to apply cell shaping techniques until the point where spectral efficiency is not compromised. B. Hybrid macro femtocell deployment: Femtocell deployment in combination with macro cells is a second method under cell layout adaptation. Femtocell deployments provide coverage in the order of 10 meters and utilize a small BS, which requires less power to operate. Femtocell deployment is advantageous as it provides good coverage and QoS to a set of users within its range with less operating expenses when compared to a macro BS [1]. Although femtocell deployment is a good concept, it is not desirable to have too many femtocells as it increases the power consumption and utilizes more network resources for a lesser coverage area. A better way of deployment is having hybrid macro and femtocell deployment. In the case of hybrid deployment, the macro BS provides coverage to users who are evenly spread over a long distance and the femtocell provides coverage to users who are located in a dense region. This way the energy is utilized efficiently, as a new macro BS is not being deployed to provide coverage to those dense set of users. The hybrid macro cell and -femtocell deployment poses a new challenge for handoffs, as macro BS and femtocell BS might have same signal strength in the others coverage region. The handoffs issue can be solved by defining a clear boundary between the macro and femtocell BS. Within the dense region, the femtocell should have higher signal strength and it should properly handoff at the bounda ry of macro BS. Also within the coverage area of macro BS, the femtocell BS should have very less signal strength [1]. This would give a clear idea to define a boundary. A better way of implementing this hybrid deployment is by utilizing the cell shaping techniques like BS turning off and cell breathing coordination. If there are a set of femtocells, and one of the coverage area is totally idle, then that femtocell BS can be turned off and basic coverage is provided by the macro BS at that location. Similarly, if incoming traffic is analyzed, femtocells and macro cells can use the cell breathing techniques to lower their power utilization [1]. Also the hybrid macro and femtocell deployment leads to a DE-EE tradeoff (deployment efficiency-energy efficiency) [3]. Ideally energy efficiency increases when more femtocells are deployed and deployment efficiency goes down because of increase in deployment expenses, network utilization and energy consumption. In a practical scenario, the relationship between DE and EE is more like a bell curve, with a peak point where deployment and energy efficiency are in good standing. Hence it is a good idea to use hybrid deployment until the point where it does not degrade the deployment efficiency and energy efficiency. C. Relaying techniques: Energy efficiency can be achieved through 2 types of relaying techniques. The first technique uses repeater stations or green antennas for relaying and the second technique uses mobile stations for relaying. In the first technique, a repeater station or a green antenna with receiver capability is connected to the macro BS through a coax cable or optical fiber, with the latter utilizing less energy. These green antennas are placed very near to the mobile stations, which helps to reduce the energy consumption in uplink by the mobile stations. Although this technique improves energy efficiency for mobile stations, it increases operating expenses for the service provider. In the second technique, the mobile stations work in coordination and perform the relaying operation. This way the transmission distance for the macro BS is reduced and it consumes less energy. Although this technique assumes mobile stations as relays which work selflessly. Practically, the mobile stations may not work in coordination which would break the link for relaying. One more drawback of this technique is that for maintaining coordination between the mobile stations, more energy is consumed [1]. Challenges and directions for energy efficient wireless networks: Cognitive Radio (CR) and M2M (Machine to Machine) communication systems provide new opportunities in the field of green wireless networks, but also pose significant challenges at the same time. Cognitive Radio can be defined as a RF transceiver that is used to switch users from a very busy spectrum to an unused one and vice versa if needed. The origin for this topic came from the fact that many RF spectrums are congested with several users and some other spectrums are underutilized. Hence the concept of CR would efficiently manage users in various spectrums and help to deliver better QoS. Indirectly this switching of spectrums or utilizing unused spectrums is resulting in energy efficiency as spectrums with more users will not utilize additional energy as users are transferred to other spectrum. Also underutilized spectrums which were consuming energy for operation, now serve the new users efficiently resulting in energy and spectrum utilization. The only disadvantage of CR technique is that monitoring various RF spectrums and switching users from one spectrum to another requires significant energy. Hence this technique would be energy efficient only if more energy is saved by intelligently switching users than that is utilized for monitoring spectrums or users [2]. M2M wireless communication systems are aimed at connecting various wireless devices directly. This approach also helps in reducing energy consumption from the point of view of a mobile station. M2M helps to reduce the computation required by various physical devices and also tries to offload them to the network itself. This way the mobile stations consume less energy as the number of computations is reduced. The major disadvantage with this approach is that if more computation is offloaded to the main network, it might consume more energy that that is being saved by mobile stations by utilizing this approach. Hence this technique would be energy efficient if the main network does not consume a lot of energy for some additional computations [2]. Conclusion and Future Scope: The rise in carbon footprint, especially the contribution to it from the ICT sector and consequently mobile sector led to interest in energy efficient wireless networks. Energy efficiency can be achieved at various levels such as power amplifier, RAN and network. The techniques proposed in the paper focus on energy efficiency in RAN and network levels. But they also have trade-offs like DE-EE and SE-EE, which can be vanquished by emerging techniques like CR and M2M communications. These emerging techniques can be improved in a way where they consume less energy for monitoring in comparison with the prevailing levels. Alongside that, at the power amplifier level, the current solution for energy efficiency is to use expensive components which would trade off the gains achieved by energy savings. Hence a future research direction would be addressing energy efficiency at power amplifier level and improving CR and M2M techniques. VI. References: [1] Luis .S, Nuaymi .L, and Bonnin .J, An overview and classification of research approaches in green wireless networks. Eurasip journal on wireless communications and networking 2012.1 (2012): pp.1-18. [2] Xiaofei .W, et al. A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges. Mobile Networks and Applications 17.1 (2012): pp.4-20. [3] Yan Chen; Shunqing Zhang; Shugong Xu; Li, G.Y., Fundamental trade-offs on green wireless networks, in Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.49, no.6, pp.30-37, June 2011.

Structural Rationalism

In the advent of industrialization which is marked by the affordability and mass production of construction of materials like iron steel and glass, an architectural school of thought emerged known as structural rationalism which emphasized the important and distinctive role of structural efficiency in the form of buildings including space requirements and architectural design.This philosophy was promoted by French architect Eugà ¨ne Viollet-le-Duc whose theories were specifically written in his book, Discourses on Architecture (Frampton).     Viollet-le-Duc adhered to the restoration to the localized style of building vis a vis the ‘abstract’ international style conspicuous during his time.Belgian architect Victor Horta is one of the pioneering advocates of this architectural philosophy which he exemplified in the design of the Tassel Hotel in Brussels in 1892.The design featured exposed decorative iron balustrades shaped as a plant filament combined with local axia l plans that resulted to a simple yet striking decorative work of art. Interior architecture involved rooms with irregular shapes blended with decorative painting and furniture.The masterpiece of Horta marked the commencement of the Art Nouveau movement which was perpetuated and advanced by Hector Guimard, a French architect and furniture designer.   (Pile) While maintaining highly decorative curved line that usually follows a floral pattern, Guimard highlighted indigenousness of design that conformed to function and climate and even patriotism.Guimard’s most famous designs are the entrances of the metro subway stations in Paris that featured metal cast in curvilinear flowerlike lines meticulously designed in detail.By the early 20th century, Dutch architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage adhered to a return to the conservative objectives of true constructive rationalism that stressed simplicity of form and clarity of structure.He underscored the notion that the structure itself fu nctions in the creation of space which reduce the need for decorative structures.   This idea was embodied in the design of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange of 1903 and initiated the emergence for modernism.BIBLIOGRAPHYFrampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture: A Critical History. Oxford University Press, 1980Pile, John F. A history of interior design. Laurence King Publishing, 2005

Essay on The Role of Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh

The Role of the Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh Stories reflect and mirror culture. Some writers write about how things currently are in their own society and the position that certain people hold in that society. It is because of that kind of thought and style of writing that a reader can learn and in some ways better understand the hierarchical position of peoples in a society at a particular time in history. In ancient Mesopotamia, women had fewer privileges and rights then the men. Despite their lack of rights and privileges, women in high position were viewed as temptresses, tamers, and a essential part of Mesopotamian culture. The harlot plays a very important role in the development of this story. It was because of†¦show more content†¦The harlots duty was to tell Enkidu about civilization and lead him out of the wilderness and into civilization. The woman describes the power of the king of Uruk to the beast Enkidu, and Enkidu desires to encounter this king and test his strength against the kings. For six days and seven nights they lay together, for Enkidu had forgotten his home in the hills (65). Thus, it was the woman who led Enkidu to Gilgamesh and allowed them to clash and then become friends. Without the role of the harlot and her power to lure men, the two gentlemen would have never met and in a sense Gilgamesh probably would have never gone on his quests for immortality. Gilgamesh recognizes the strength of the harlots charm, however while he recognizes that, he fails to recognize anything else regarding women. He sleeps with all the women in his land and takes them out of their home to be his brides. His lust leaves no virgin to their lover, neither the warriors daughter or the wife of the noble (62). It is because of this that Enkidu challenges Gilgamesh by saying, I have come to challenge the old order, for I am the strongest here (68). Enkidu recognizes the importance of women and their right to be with their families. The role of women in ancient Mesopotamia was that of a homemaker, and to destroy or corrupt the homemaker one can destroy and/orShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1189 Words   |  5 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh follows a tale of two brothers tasked with defeating an all-powerful beast, yet they aren’t the most important characters in this story. Without their wisdom and guidance, Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s journey would have ended a lot sooner, and Gilgamesh would have still rampaged in Uruk, never bringing peace to those who were below him. 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